--- title: "OrganaBio: The Supply Brain | Immune Cells" description: Immune Cells | --- [![OrganaBio-logo-rev-white-copy](https://blog.organabio.com/hs-fs/hubfs/OrganaBio-logo-rev-white-copy.png?width=979&height=239&name=OrganaBio-logo-rev-white-copy.png "OrganaBio-logo-rev-white-copy")](https://www.organabio.com) ![brain](https://blog.organabio.com/hubfs/marketing/brain.png "brain") # The Supply Brain Addressing supply chain challenges in cell and gene therapy. The OrganaBio Blog ## [A Brief Introduction to Immunology](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/a-brief-introduction-to-immunology) Posted by [Sarah Alter](https://blog.organabio.com/en/author/salter) on September 21, 2020 - [Tweet](https://twitter.com/share) Breakthroughs in [immunotherapy](https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy), such as [chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy](https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells) and [checkpoint inhibition antibodies](https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/checkpoint-inhibitors), have led to a rejuvenated interest in the human immune system. Insights from basic immunology research drive approaches and innovations in the exploding immunotherapy field (Figure 1). Studies of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes helped shed light on the complex tumor microenvironment and the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion. Discoveries of neo-antigens, unique biomarkers, and optimization of combination immunotherapy (Figure 1) have led to improved efficacy and patient outcomes. However, we still don’t fully understand the complex relationship between immunity and disease, especially when it comes to cell activation, cytotoxicity, regulation, and memory. [Read More](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/a-brief-introduction-to-immunology) 0 Comments **//** [View or add comments](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/a-brief-introduction-to-immunology#comments-listing) Topics: [Immunotherapy](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immunotherapy), [Immune Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immune-cells), [B cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/b-cells), [Allogeneic Cell Therapy](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/allogeneic-cell-therapy), [T cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/t-cells), [Hematopoietic Stem Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/hematopoietic-stem-cells), [NK cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/nk-cells), [immunomodulation](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immunomodulation) ## [Immune Cell-Based Therapies for COVID-19](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/immune-cell-based-therapies-for-covid-19) Posted by [Sarah Alter](https://blog.organabio.com/en/author/salter) on August 20, 2020 - [Tweet](https://twitter.com/share) ### **Immune Cell-based Therapies for COVID-19: Current Clinical Trial Landscape Data** One element of COVID-19 is a hyper-response of the patient’s immune system, which in turn leads to lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.1 At the same time, appropriate immune response is decreased due to immune evasion by the virus. 1,2 Treatment with immune cell-based adoptive therapies is being investigated to combat inflammation to fight SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., T regulatory and NK cells).2 Here, we review the current clinical trial landscape utilizing immune cell-based therapies. [Read More](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/immune-cell-based-therapies-for-covid-19) 0 Comments **//** [View or add comments](https://blog.organabio.com/en/immune-cells/immune-cell-based-therapies-for-covid-19#comments-listing) Topics: [Immune Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immune-cells), [Allogeneic Cell Therapy](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/allogeneic-cell-therapy), [covid-19](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/covid-19) ## [Cell Therapy for COVID-19](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/cell-therapy-for-covid-19) Posted by [Jordan Greenberg](https://blog.organabio.com/en/author/jordan) on August 03, 2020 - [Tweet](https://twitter.com/share) In late 2019, cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began to emerge out of Wuhan, China. Since then, the disease has proven to be highly contagious and has rapidly spread around the world, becoming a global pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Conoravirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 attacks host cells by the binding of its spike protein to the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on cell membranes ([1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19198616)). ACE2 receptors are primarily found on lung alveolar type II cells and capillary endothelial cells in the lungs, which helps to explain the prevalence of respiratory distress associated with COVID-19 ([2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257554)). In addition to the lungs, ACE2 receptors have also been identified in the heart, liver, kidney, and digestive organs which may help to explain why severe COVID-19 patients display myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute kidney injury, shock, and death from multiple organ dysfunction/failure ([1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19198616)). [Read More](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/cell-therapy-for-covid-19) 0 Comments **//** [View or add comments](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/cell-therapy-for-covid-19#comments-listing) Topics: [Immune Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immune-cells), [Allogeneic Cell Therapy](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/allogeneic-cell-therapy), [covid-19](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/covid-19), [MSCs](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/mscs) ## [You Need Access to a Robust and Reliable Donor Pool](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/de-risking-the-path-to-cell-gene-therapy-commercialization-part-1-you-need-access-to-a-robust-and-reliable-donor-pool) Posted by [Jack Camoratto](https://blog.organabio.com/en/author/jcamoratto) on June 08, 2020 - [Tweet](https://twitter.com/share) ## De-Risking the Path to Cell & Gene Therapy Commercialization Part 1: You Need Access to a Robust and Reliable Donor Pool ![Bridging the Gap from R&D to Clinical Translation](https://blog.organabio.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/Supply-Chain-1024x768-1.jpg?width=640&height=480&name=Supply-Chain-1024x768-1.jpg) When [cell and gene therapy](https://www.novartis.com/our-focus/cell-and-gene-therapy/what-cell-and-gene-therapy) researchers step into the lab each morning, we envision transforming what may be an early stage experiment into a clinical success. Therapeutics developers spend years working tirelessly to generate pre-clinical data so that, when the time comes, their [Investigational New Drug (IND) application](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4435682/) (or equivalent outside the USA) will be accepted by the appropriate regulatory agency, allowing the therapy to enter clinical trials. However, IND approval is just the first of [many significant hurdles](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528687/) that therapeutics developers face on the path to commercialization. [Read More](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/de-risking-the-path-to-cell-gene-therapy-commercialization-part-1-you-need-access-to-a-robust-and-reliable-donor-pool) 0 Comments **//** [View or add comments](https://blog.organabio.com/en/mscs/de-risking-the-path-to-cell-gene-therapy-commercialization-part-1-you-need-access-to-a-robust-and-reliable-donor-pool#comments-listing) Topics: [mesenchymal stromal cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/mesenchymal-stromal-cells), [Immune Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immune-cells), [Allogeneic Cell Therapy](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/allogeneic-cell-therapy), [MSCs](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/mscs), [Hematopoietic Stem Cells](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/hematopoietic-stem-cells), [donor variability](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/donor-variability), [Starting Materials](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/starting-materials-cell-gene-therapy), [supply chain](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/supply-chain), [OrganaBio](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/organabio) [All posts](https://blog.organabio.com/en/all) Add a Comment ### Recent Posts ### Posts by Tag - [Allogeneic Cell Therapy (7)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/allogeneic-cell-therapy) - [Immune Cells (4)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immune-cells) - [MSCs (4)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/mscs) - [OrganaBio (3)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/organabio) - [covid-19 (3)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/covid-19) - [Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/hematopoietic-stem-cells) - [B cells (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/b-cells) - [Exosomes (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/exosomes) - [Gene Editing (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/gene-editing) - [Immunotherapy (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immunotherapy) - [NK cells (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/nk-cells) - [Starting Materials (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/starting-materials-cell-gene-therapy) - [T cells (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/t-cells) - [Uncategorized (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/uncategorized) - [cGMP Manufacturing (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/cgmp-manufacturing-of-cell-and-gene-therapies) - [donor variability (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/donor-variability) - [iPSCs (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/ipscs) - [immunomodulation (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/immunomodulation) - [mesenchymal stromal cells (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/mesenchymal-stromal-cells) - [supply chain (1)](https://blog.organabio.com/en/tag/supply-chain) See all